Clinical causal inference tutorial with R: DAGs, propensity scores, IPW, double robustness, TMLE, and E-values for observational studies and target trials

End-to-end Causal ML & measurement framework for clinical decisions: DoWhy + EconML Double ML estimate the true effect of early vasopressor timing on ICU mortality (MIMIC-IV), with a pre-registered GO/NO-GO governance gate, E-value sensitivity, refutation tests, auto model card/PDF reports, and a Streamlit CATE explorer.